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The use of offshores’ charts is not the exceptionally modern phenomenon. When ancient Athens entered the 2% import- and export-tax, the Greek merchants started making detour in twenty miles to avoid payment of these taxes. The milliards of dollars of European riches were kept out of harm's way in Swiss banks in the Second World War-time. Lately other countries entered in force laws about secrecy on appearance and similarity Swiss and began compete bringing in international capitals.

Off-shore charts are based on the use of the possibilities given by made agreements about the exception of double taxation. In Russia, for example, it has got considerable development of practical worker of the use of offshores’ companies for international investments. Branches and substructures are created in combination with the largest domestic financially-industrial groups and corporations. In the everyday’s activity the last use plenty of offshore-firms.

Some offshores' jurisdictions

 

The choice of tax-free zone depends from the primary objective of taxpayer in the use of services of offshore-jurisdiction of financial secrecy. E.g.: it is generally accepted that Bermuda is the country of daughter's insurance companies' area. In the questions of formation of corporations Panama is acknowledged as a leader in area of tax-free zones. The greater amount of corporations was created in Panama, than in all tax refuges of both South and North America. It takes place from lightness of creation of corporation in Panama. Panama is marked also from the advantageous system of registration of courts, which requires minimum "paper-work" and charges.

Except for already present offshore-areas, the new one appear. One of the largest is the Terks-and-Kaykos Islands. Although a law about creation of corporations in this country exists since 1971, only in 1979 the government adopted the row of new laws with the purpose of bringing in offshore bank-business. Professionals breaking the restrictions and laws can be fined there on 10000 dollars and put in prison on three years.

In the case of the criminal usage of tax-freedom the choice of refuge is determined by character of concrete crime. For example, the contrabandists of drugs find very comfortable to conduct bank transactions through Caymanians and Bahamas and Panama; on St. Vincent there are the professionals of bank swindle; international contraband of weapon prosper in Panama; for subornation of public servants more comfortable to create corporate funds in Liechtenstein and Switzerland etc.

The choice of subject depends on an ultimate goal and existent at this time national and foreign laws. In obedience to the conducted researches in the USA more than 700 cases related to the requirements of law enforcement authorities of the USA about delivery of documents on foreign financial transactions for period from 1977 to 1982, on Bahamas, Caymanians, Netherlands Antilles, Panama and Switzerland was 76,7% of all businesses related to the countries of tax refuges.

Other tendency which got development consists in the use of numerous refuges for disguise of tracks of financial activity. For example, there is unusual non-discovery of contrabandist by drugs, using ships belonging to the corporations on Netherlands Antilles, incorporated in Panama, settling on accounts for transportation of loads to the legal entities on Caymanians and sending payments to the accounts in the Swiss banks.

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